How Does McDonald Promotions and advertising affect their sales Coursework

How Does McDonald Promotions and publicizing influence their deals - Coursework Example Examination setting An away from and definition of exploration setting is vital as it helps in sorting out examination endeavors and guarantees ideal usage of exploration process. At the end of the day, research setting sets down physical setting and condition in which examination study will be embraced. At numerous examples, research setting is likewise named and comprehended as far as ‘experimental conditions’ or ‘study environment’. The basic exploration study will be found and directed with regards to national business. It is because of reason that McDonald’s is a national business when contrasted with local or nearby business firm. What's more, basic examination study will seek after and work in a theoretical report condition or exploration setting. The theoretical investigation condition will be used to survey, decide, and demonstrate whether notice and advancements influence the deals of McDonald’s or not. The evaluation of the effect wi ll help in distinguishing whether planned theory is significant and adequate in the current business setting or it is not, at this point legitimate and significant in today’s business world (Simchi-levi and Kaminsky 2003). ... The examination study will illuminate the job that promoting and its apparatus can play in improving business position and deals possibilities (Mckenzie-Mohr 2000). The hugeness of exploration study is clear from both scholastic and business point of view. From scholastic point of view, the fundamental exploration will encourage the way of getting ramifications and job of showcasing. Then again, business firms will increase profound knowledge, comprehension and support for executing promoting in their business ways of thinking with the assistance of present examination study. Writing survey Literature audit utilizes optional sources like books, magazines, diaries, research papers and a lot more to look, accumulate, test, and assess critical discoveries and results. This act of examining and investigating theme helps in taking care of exploration issue and laying out new discoveries and results. Showcasing blend Ruddick (2012) illuminates the showcasing blend so as to learn effect of advancement and publicizing on McDonald’s deals. The creator clarifies that advertising blend contain four components viz., item, value, spot and advancement. All the segments of promoting blend are endeavor towards improving business sector situating and gainfulness of organization. Among the four parts, advancement assume progressively huge job as it make direct effect on the clients mentalities and observation. It has been recognized that organizations giving more consideration towards deals advancement and promoting are bound to rise as a most loved brand and buy decision among clients. In such manner, deals advancement and publicizing are the most normally utilized special devices. McDonald’s makes incessant and ordinary utilization of these limited time apparatuses so as to increase great

Nutrients Lab #1 Essays - Nutrition, Carbohydrates, Excipients

Supplements Lab #1 LAB #1 Supplements Presentation: In the presentation for Nutrients Lab #1 I will talk about the various things I will use for this lab. Fat or grease is an atom that is high in cholesterol. Starch is a perplexing sugar. Protein implies a gathering of atoms comprised of chains of littler particles called amino acids. Sugar is an atom that fills in as building hinders for complex starches. Supplements are substances that all living beings need to live. Supplements are likewise significant in light of the fact that it gives you regular vitality. Speculation: I figure this lab will function admirably in light of the fact that the materials were brought all Section 1: Starch-Foods like garlic salt have cornstarch within them. In spite of the fact that things like hot sauce don't have any sorts of starch in them. Section 2: Fat-The food added substance grease is essentially fat itself yet at the same time has fat within it. Albeit any sorts of things named non-fat like yogurt, pudding and so on have no fat within it. Section 3: Sugar-A ton of things have sugar in it however one thing that has sugar is treats. Something without sugar is Campbells chicken soup. Section 4: Protein-There is bunches of models that have starch in them however one is oat. The thing without starch would be nectar. Objective: The target for this specific lab is to test for starch, fat, protein and sugar. Materials: A portion of the materials utilized for this lab were eye wellbeing glasses, a measuring utencil, test tubes, a test tube holder, and a hot plate Strategy: Section 1: The main activity is placed four examples in four diverse test cylinders and iodine to them Section 2: Then rub the controls and distinctive more food tests onto earthy colored paper sacks Section 3: The following activity is add Na0H and cuS04 to the four distinct examples onto the controls and food. Turn on the hot plate and put the measuring utencil on top to bubble. Section 4: test controls and food tests into the now bubbled water. Wellbeing: Arrange fluids down sink and food in trash. Perceptions: In this lab there were various nourishments changing hues when various fluids got poured on them yet it didnt work that well. Investigation: Over the entirety of my lab didn't work at all however I asked another person and they said the vast majority of the food changed hues to dark. End: To comprehend this lab was extremely simple considering the synthetic substances utilized yet to utilize them you need to get a concoction raction so ensure you do or it won't work. Science Essays

Wal-Mart Supply Chain Management Essay -- Wal-Mart Logistics

Retail super-monster Wal-Mart has battled its approach to turning into the world's biggest organization. Quite a bit of their prosperity can be credited to giving a tremendous grouping of items at remarkable costs all under one rooftop. Wal-Mart started tasks in 1964 and has since gotten the world pioneer in retail. Today, Wal-Mart is visited by 138 million clients every week at their 4,750 stores. Wal-Mart works under four fundamental guidelines so as to fulfill such an enormous number of clients: Regard the individual, give the best support of their clients, take a stab at greatness, and surpass client desires. Their corporate crucial on a worldwide development procedure through concentrated mix. The organization keeps on growing its existing markdown stores, distribution centers, and super-focuses. The organization keeps up two objectives: First, Provide the client with what they need, at the point when they need, everything at esteem and besides, camaraderie through all out reliance on partners to regard clients as they would need to be dealt with. Their business procedure is to give notable name brands at a regular low cost. Wal-Mart has a wide scope of items advertised. They offer everything from hardware, films, books, toys, games, planting supplies, home supplies, photograph improvement, blessings, adornments, and at certain areas even vehicle, optometry, and staple strip malls. In working its system of retail locations Wal-Mart pushes their yield to the overall population. Wal-Mart centers their serious needs on bringing the client the most minimal costs by selling in volume. The huge size and determination basically ensures that the store will have what the client needs in stock and at a less expensive cost than contenders. This methodology permits them to beat their opposition. So as to encourage the accomplishment of their objectives Wal-Mart has structured their design to oblige countless customers at the same time. They assemble sweeping stores with wide passageways such a large number of individuals can feel good shopping simultaneously. Wal-Mart has stepped up and fabricate stores in innumerable provincial towns and littler urban areas. They have expanded their piece of the overall industry and have increased a trustworthy name thusly. Simultaneously, this advantage has made a gigantic flexibly chain the board issue. In what capacity can Wal-Mart successfully keep the entirety of its... ...y at making a proficient gracefully chain all together to beat the opposition on cost and determination has absolutely paid off. Works Cited Bacheldor, Beth. Data Week. ?Sen. Leahy Calls On Congress to Study RFID.? Gotten to 4/30/04. http://www.informationweek.com/story/showArticle.jhtml?ArticleID=18402616 Beatty, Vernon L., Jr. ?You Gonna Be a Greeter Accessed 4/30/04. http://www.almc.army.mil/alog/issues/janfeb97/ms046.htm. Bianco, Anthony and Zellner, Wendy. Business Week. ?Is Wal-Mart Too Incredible Accesed 5/3/04. http://www.businessweek.com/maganize/content/03_04/b3852001_mz001.htm ?Carrers.? Wal-Mart. Gotten to 4/30/04. http://www.walmartstores.com/wmstores/wmstores. Fishman, Charles. Quick Company. ?The Wal-Mart You Don?t Know.? Gotten to 5/2/04. http://www.fastcompany.com/magazine/77/walmart.html Heizer, Jay and Render, Barry. Tasks Management. Seventh Release. Pearson Prentice Hall. New Jersey, 2004. ?Stauffer v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc.? US Department of Labor. Gotten to 4/30/04. http://www.oalj.dol.gov/open/wblower/decsn/99sta21c.htm ?Wal-Mart Effect? Gotten to 5/3/04. http://www.wordspy.com/words/Wal-Marteffect.asp.

Internet Banking Security Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Web Banking Security - Essay Example It is obviously obvious from the conversation that the three significant strategies are utilized by Banks to give security to the clients Password Encryption Firewalls/Server. For the online security, the passwords or usernames pays a significant job. The secret key is a significant component that guarantees checked clients to sign in to their records. Actually, the programmers can hold onto a username or secret key while transmission and can use to get to the customer’s account. An examination expresses that an additional validation technique is required in light of the fact that in budgetary administrations trust is presently re-imagined. Also, trust is distinguished as a huge factor that impacts a customer’s nearness in online business. Security dangers are the primary factors that fill in as a boundary to web based banking. The clients are upset about the security and wellbeing issues while utilizing Internet banking alternatives. The improved safety efforts can re- assemble the trust in clients that impact them to utilized Internet banking. II. Web Banking Security for SME’s For talking about the SME business regarding Internet Banking Security, we have used a run of the mill SME for instance. A. Concentrated Database access for deals/client databases The business database and client database are associated with the switch. Each solicitation from the clients is diverted to the switch, where the switch checks the Access Control List (ACL). In this situation, the records staff has consents to get to these servers. Be that as it may, the various clients on the system are limited to get to these servers. B. Email A SME has arranged an email server to give email office to the workers. It is associated with the switch. The switch dissects all the email demands, from the inbound system, to conclude whether to send it to the LAN interface or the WAN interface. The security factor is dealt with by the firewall and IDS C. Web Access Internet get to is just given by the Internet Security and Acceleration (ISA) server. The system organization staff can make get to arrangements on the ISA server to permit or deny Internet access by giving MAC address and IP address of the particular client. In an area situation, as the SME has a space domain, usernames that are made on the space server are adequate. D. Organization Website and Intranet The intranet is accessible to each and every individual who is related with the system. E. VOIP To help VoIP usefulness, the VoIP design is associated with people in general exchanged phone systems (PSTN).

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How to Recover From a Smoking Relapse

How to Recover From a Smoking Relapse Addiction Nicotine Use How to Quit Smoking Print How to Recover From a Smoking Relapse By Terry Martin facebook twitter Terry Martin quit smoking after 26 years and is now an advocate for those seeking freedom from nicotine addiction. Learn about our editorial policy Terry Martin Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Sanja Jelic, MD on October 30, 2019 Sanja Jelic, MD, is board-certified in sleep medicine, critical care medicine, pulmonary disease, and internal medicine.   Learn about our Medical Review Board Sanja Jelic, MD on October 30, 2019 Tadamasa Taniguchi / The Image Bank / Getty Images More in Addiction Nicotine Use How to Quit Smoking After You Quit Nicotine Withdrawal Smoking-Related Diseases The Inside of Cigarettes Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Drug Use Coping and Recovery A smoking relapse  can happen to anyone. You may have gone a few months without a cigarette and were feeling good about it. Then, for some unknown reason, you ask a friend for a smoke and before you know it, youre smoking. This may not lead to a habit, but many people in this situation find that they do return to smoking at least a few cigarettes a day. If this has happened to you, know that you are not alone. Many people have gone down this same road. One study that followed ex-smokers for over 20 years found that 39 percent relapsed at some point. Of those people, 69.5 percent had successfully quit again by the end of the study. While lighting that first cigarette can feel like it happened by chance, its rarely that simple. The good news is that you can get back on track by reexamining your motivations to be an ex-smoker. Recognize Junkie Thinking The seeds of a smoking relapse are often planted days or even weeks before the actual event occurs. The shift in thinking might start with something as simple as passing a stranger sitting on a park bench who is relaxing with a cigarette. You might think,  He gets to smoke, but I cant because I quit. Feelings of deprivation and  sacrifice are part of  junkie thinking.  These are enough to set the stage for a slip. If left unchecked, those thoughts can fester and will grow over time until youre feeling sorry for yourself and obsessing about smoking. Its all about perception. If you tell yourself that smoking has value and youre making a big sacrifice by quitting, youll probably find yourself smoking again eventually. How to Overcome Junkie Thinking Romancing the Cigarette Once you put some distance between yourself and that last cigarette, the edges of your quit can get a little fuzzy. Its easy to forget why you originally thought it was so important to stop smoking. Maybe that chronic cough is gone, or you think that quitting hasnt as hard as you thought it would be. You tell yourself that you could go back to smoking for a little while and then stop againâ€"its really no big deal. Like an unhealthy relationship you had to leave behind, its easy to remember the good times and not the bad. Weve all done it. We think about how nice it was to relax on the deck with a smoke after a big dinner. What we conveniently forget is all of the other cigarettes that were not so enjoyableâ€"the ones that left us with a headache, feeling tired, and out of breath. While you may have the nicotine out of your system, the habit of smoking holds on a lot longer. If junkie thinking takes hold, your mind may come up with some creative justifications to allow  just one cigarette. Theyre all lies, of course, but they can be seductive. Most of us have lost at least one quit attempt to such faulty thinking. Pay close attention to the background noise in your mind and try to  correct thoughts of smoking as they come along. Dont allow them to grow into an urge to smoke that you cant control. Nip smoking thoughts in the bud and protect your quit. Myths About Quitting Smoking Recovering From a Smoking Relapse If youve smoked one cigarette (or more), junkie thinking has gotten its way. It will continue to influence you if you let it. In order to preserve your quit program and avoid a long-term smoking relapse, stop smoking right away and get your mind working for you again instead of against you. You will likely to rationalize why you should put off quitting but dont listen to the lies. Get right back up on that horse and start riding again. Try these suggestions to get yourself back on track: Write out a list of reasons for quitting. If youve done this before, get your list out and read it over, then add to it. Carry it with you and refer to it when you’re feeling unsteady. Those reasons are no less true today than they were when you first quit smoking. Bring them back into focus and theyll help you get your priorities in order.Educate yourself. Read everything you can about what smoking does to your health. Face the dangers of smoking straight on. Its a great way to build resolve.Get support. Whether it is in-person or online, seek out the help of others.  Apply yourself just one simple day at a time. Dont worry about the fact that you slipped; it happens and is in the past. Dont worry about never smoking again, either. Just think about today, and doing the best you can with it. You can stay smoke-free just for today, cant you? Thats really all you need to do. Your quit program will be much easier to maintain if you follow this rule; dont overwhelm yourself by projecti ng forward or back. Your point of power is in the here and now. You cant change what happened yesterday and the best way to influence your future is by doing a good job with today. Keep things simple and in the present tense.Accept yourself. Were all human and make mistakes. You slipped and smoked, but it doesnt mean youre a failure. Learn from what went wrong and make corrections to avoid the same problem in the future.Be kind to yourself and be patient, too. Relax and take your quit as it comes. Youll have good days and bad days, but over time the good will outweigh the bad. Pamper yourself a little and dont expect too much too soon. Slow and steady wins the race every time. This race is one that will reward you with improved health, confidence, and quality of life overall. A Word From Verywell Relapse is not uncommon among people trying to quit smoking. It may occur within the first weeks or months, even years, after your quit date. Try not to take it too hard and refocus your efforts instead. With patience and diligence, you can get past this hurdle and be smoke-free again. Why Do You Want to Quit Smoking?

Interesting And Depressing - Free Essay Example

Do you know Mark Twain? Well ive been getting to know him alot. Here is one of his quotes Kindness is the language that the blind can see and deaf can hear. I think it means that be kind to everyone. Now im going to discuss his childhood,career,and death. Lets go! Mark had a normal childhood he moved when he was like 4 i wrote it down but yea he moved near Hannibal. He started thinking of writing books around that time. He grew up in hannibal up until 17 but more stuff happened before then. His dad died when he was 11 or 12 one or the other.He was a judge,shopkeep,and a lawyer very noble man but that was only a little while. Thats his childhood in a nutshell its not copied i just like that word. His career was interesting and depressing like he has a depressing end im serious. Ok so at the start he had a very successful company but at the end it went bankrupt which is some of the depressing part but wait till the end. Next after it went bankrupt he had no money and he started to lose money but he made it threw and got married to olivia langdon clemens and had 4 children named susy,clara,jean,and langdon. But im not done yet im just getting started with his career net was when he started writing books he wrote alot made lots of money but still he had a normal life till all but one of his children died his wife died to so there was depressing part. Next im going into his book writing he had a good career made lots of money but he got by. Mark Twain impacted the world by helping authors get to write more and leave very educational quotes but thats here nor there. He helped people be nice a hole lot more. Like his quote was awesomekindness is the language the deaf can hear and the blind can see.Thats really inspirational dont you think. He was an amazing writer. Mark twain had a peaceful death he died im london bye a heart attack. But he was still a good person minus that part where he was accused of being racist. Yeah he was really awesome and cool i bet he was funny to. R.I.P Mark Twain.

Violence Essays - 1626 Words

Violence Boink! Boom! Crack! The sounds of the fight scene rage on. Many have fallen in this particularly bloody battle. The good guys have taken their losses but struggle on to what is seemingly a victory. Their aggression is fierce and helps them. Fires consume the background; men and women lie on the ground in pain. Even if it werent for the bombs, missiles, bullets, etc. that are flying around, hand-to-hand combat would have got the better of them. It was a classic battle scene when looking back at it, a true testament of blood, hell, and gore. This may sound like a heroic made-for-TV movie shown only on primetime in the hopes of recruiting a mature audience. But it is not. In fact, it is just another Saturday-morning special of†¦show more content†¦45-52). To television Programmers, violence is depicted as a normal, justified response to conflict and threat. They will encourage identification with the aggressor; domination and submission, to them, are often equated with pleasure and worth. Yet numerous researchers have put much time into discovering why children are so attached by the television and the action that takes place within it. They prove that it is definitely a major source of violent behavior in children. Their research proves time and time again that aggression and television viewing do go hand in hand. The truth about television violence and children has been shown. Many people and critics try to ignore it and hope that it will go away. Others do not even seem to care and try to attack these ideas. However, the facts are undeniable and all the results point to one conclusion: Television violence causes children to be violent and the effects can be life-long. The effects of the television are first visible even at the most basic level of life, children and adolescents. The modern-day extent of viewing by humans, especially Americans, is astronomical. Children begin to watch television at very early ages, often when they are newborns. At this t ime they are obviously not able to follow along or be influenced by it, but they are subjected to it nevertheless. This early start will lead most childhood viewersShow MoreRelatedViolence : Violence And Violence1475 Words   |  6 Pages1. The internet says that violence means the behavior involving physical force intended to hurt, damage, or kill someone or something. Violence is more than that. To me violence means to bring harm or exert negativity to someone whether it’s verbally, physically, emotionally, sexually, psychologically, spiritually, culturally, and financially or neglect. Violence comes in different forms and to just define it as being a physical thing is presenting or forming a problem in our society today. We tendRead MoreThe Violence And Human Violence1371 Words   |  6 Pages20th century is the most educated century but also the most violent over the history of mankind. The lethal violence has been increasing over the course of mammal evolution. The ag gression in mammals, that includes humans, also has a genetic component with high heritability. So it is widely admitted that evolution has shaped human violence. And this violence is not among different species, it is among the same species. Of all the world species, humans and chimpanzees are some the only species thatRead MoreThe Violence Of Worldwide Violence1159 Words   |  5 PagesWorldwide violence is on an all-time rise. We see this in the newspapers, on the television, and all over the internet. However, workplace violence or WPV in healthcare is not something that tends to be in the general public’s eye. Yet WPV is a growing epidemic made evident by the passing of the Girgenti/Madden bill. The bill upgraded the penalties for assaulting healthcare workers from assault to aggravated assault. Such charges had long been afforded to law enforcement officers, firefightersRead MoreViolence And Violence Among Children901 Words   |  4 Pageshas decreased overall an increase in senseless violence being committed by young people leaves individuals trying to understand what is to blame. â€Å"It is encouraging that the rate of crimes of violence in the United States has dropped about 15 percent since 1999. However, self-reported violent offending by American youth has not declined.† (Funk et al. 1) Work place violence, road rage disputes and mass school shootings are just a few examples of violence that has become common place in society. AdolescentRead MoreMedia Violence And Crime Violence1168 Words   |  5 PagesMedia Violence and Crimes There are few debates that have been contentious for so long as the debate of whether violent medias contribute meaningfully to crimes. Because of the majority of shooting events committed by younger shooters, many politicians regard cultural effects as a potential contributing factor, while others dismiss media as a contributing factor. Within the social science community, a similar division exists (Ferguson, 2015). For example, some professional supporting groups, likeRead MoreThe Effects Of Violence On Youth Violence Essay959 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction: Violence is everywhere and due to this notion people find ways to accept it. Violence is part of the national mythology. Meaning violence is a social construction. Violent acts cannot be wholly understood unless we examine them as but one â€Å"one link in the chain of a long process of events† (Schmidt Schrà ¶der 2001, 7). Violence and the responses to it are socially constructed, they are phenomena viewed and int erpreted in many different ways. For example, individuals become a productRead MoreEarly Disclosure, Violence, And Violence1248 Words   |  5 PagesEarly disclosure to violence may possibly lead to aggression in young preschoolers. Research stated that exposure to violence in adolescence at a young age may lead to aggression in school age youths. Aggression and violence may not be as serious for some individuals and it’s often considered a part of growing up as a child. Aggression can be understood in a range of ways. It can be conceptualized as ones’ personality trait or having origins within a difficult temperament. In other words, aggressionRead More Violence1840 Words   |  8 PagesViolence Skills Science of Doctoring By now images of horror and shock like the one of students and teachers crying at Buell Elementary have become all-too-common. As we reel once again from the terrible thought that an innocent life has been taken and it was a child who pulled the trigger, we should be vigilant for the next event, which is becoming equally predictable†¦ As public health professionals, we are trained to ask important questions so we can treat both the symptoms and root causesRead MoreThe Problem Of Violence And Violence1684 Words   |  7 Pagesby having a thoughtful discussion with both belligerents. However, depending on the severity of the problem, the direness of the situation, and the time one has to react, a violent solution may be the only option. There are those who believe that violence should be abhorred and never resorted to, but those who think that are optimistic dreamers who are living in a false reality. Of course, if everyone shared their viewpoint, fights may never occur, but one has to accept the fact that some people willRead MoreThe Violence Of Domestic Violence954 Words   |  4 PagesCycle of Violence in Domestic Violence As stated by the Executive Office of Public Safety and Security, â€Å"domestic violence is defined as a pattern of coercive and controlling behaviors and tactics used by one person over another (by or to any household member) to gain power and control. This may include verbal abuse, financial abuse, emotional, sexual, and physical abuse.† (The Official Website of the Executive Office of Public Safety and Security.) Domestic abuse frequently becomes more often and

Diagnosis Of The Community At Risk Essay - 2011 Words

Asthma in Oakland California Description of the Community at Risk Asthma has become a rising issue at hand, especially in Oakland, California. Asthma is at an all time high in Oakland because of the factories and smog that surrounds the local communities. After conducting research, I decided to dig deeper in asthma in Oakland because I wanted to learn more and to see if there was a way to reduce the rise of asthma. Asthma in Oakland is an issue for all ages, especially the younger ones because their lungs are still developing. For my term paper, I plan to explore the disproportionate burden of hazard of the population of air quality in Oakland, California, an area that is impacted by factory smoke, which can lead to asthma in children who are 18 years of age or younger. Along with Oakland, I came across research on Alameda County as well and decided to include some of the findings from the articles. Oakland does not have the best or suitable air quality due to the large number of the factories that surround the local communities so the quality of air is affected as well as the individuals who have asthma. The factory exhaust and smoke make it harder for individuals with asthma to breathe and the poor air quality can send them into an asthma attack. Also, some of the schools in Oakland need to make sure they are up-to-date and have proper measures for children’s safety in the schools meaning proper ventilation. According to the Bay Area 2013 census, there areShow MoreRelatedCommunity Health Nursing Reflection1262 Words   |  6 PagesCommunity Health Nursing Reflection NUR/405 August 7, 2012 Community Health Nursing Reflection According to Phyllis Meadows (2009), â€Å"Community health nurses are valued for their adaptability and willingness to provide care in many settings, including community health clinics, churches, homeless shelters, and schools,† (p. 19). Community health nurses aim to improve health outcomes and improve the infrastructure used to monitor and manage disease within the community. Healthy People 2020 hasRead MoreCommunity Health Reflection850 Words   |  4 PagesCommunity Health Nursing Reflection Veronica Hubbard NUR/405 June 25, 2012 Cindy Januale Community Health Nursing Reflection Community health nursing is a specialty field of nursing which care is provided to people in the community setting. A community health nurse can provide care to children and the adult population. As a result of the economic depression, more people in the community are becoming jobless, homeless, low-income, and uninsured. So the need for community health nursesRead MoreService Line Development Task 21190 Words   |  5 PagesWhen analyzing the community health assessment several risks and weakness are identified. There are a few risks and weakness with the current state of Oncology Services. With physicians practices already at capacity there is no room to handle the current and future demand for these services. With an aging population new cancer cases are expected to increase by 34 % in five years. Higher smoking rates also contribute to new cancer diagnosis. Another risk is the equipment to diagnose and treatRead MoreChildhood Obesity Has Reached Global Epidemic Status1 297 Words   |  6 Pagesenvironmental, societal and developmental, but it is largely caused by controllable factors such as unhealthy diets and lack of physical activity. The condition is fraught with significant risk factors such as depression, low-esteem and a further increased risk of becoming obese adults. Furthermore, there is an increased risk of adult-onset diseases such as diabetes and cardiovascular diseases (Pbert et al, 2014). A preponderance of evidence in research literature shows that prevention should be the primaryRead MoreSocial Development Essay821 Words   |  4 Pagesare also community centers, day care centers, and preschool facilities that provide care and recreation for the younger members of its population. Among African American communities within the state, it is evident that there are several churches in which religious activities are regularly held. Health resources, such as hospitals, private clinics, and wellness centers are utilized mostly by Caucasian population of Maryland. Community Based Diagnosis Based on the aforementioned community assessmentRead MorePrevalence Of High Blood Pressure Essay1596 Words   |  7 Pagesdemographics can account for a significant amount of reported high blood pressure. In Canada, severe obesity has increased 4-fold over the past 3 decades (Padwal, 2016). Particularly in industrialized populations, weight gain has been shown to yield several risk factors of hypertension, such as metabolic abnormalities and excess adipose tissue (Padwal, 2016). In addition to obesity, vascular stiffness is a primary physiological driver of hypertension in the elderly (Blais, 2014). Within the past five yearsRead MorePrevalence Of High Blood Pressure Essay1610 Words   |  7 Pagesdemographics can account for a significant amount of reported high blood pressure. In Canada, severe obesity has increased 4-fold over the past 3 decades (Padwal, 2016). Particularly in industrialized populations, weight gain has been shown to yield several risk factors of hypertension, such as metabolic abnormalities and excess adipose tissue (Padwal, 2016). In addition to obesity, vascular stiffness is a primary physiological driver of hypertension in the elderly (Blais, 2014). Within the past five yearsRead MoreA Community Nursing Diagnostic Process: Case Study1218 Words   |  5 PagesThe role of the community health nurse is to take into account contextual variables, especially as they relate to community of origin and community of residence, when treating patients. Ethnic, cultural, religious, and gender variables will all come into play during a community nursing diagnostic process. In this case, the family is also considered within a community nursing framework. M.K. is originally from Russia, although she speaks English. She is a smoker and a newly diagnosed diabetic whoRead MoreFinding The Retention Barriers Through Prevention Education Among Low Socioeconomic Communities Among High Risk Americans905 Words   |  4 Pagesamong low-socioeconomic communities among high-risk American retirees or unemployed. Retention barriers are the challenges health promotion coordinators in the communities confront in low-socioecominic areas in their programs. What could potentially help people with specific areas of high-risk health problems retain their attendance in any prevention programs necessary for benefits. There is a distinct need for public health interventions for specific high-risk community areas. Correlating the twoRead MoreDiabetes And The Dual Diagnosis Of Diabetes1685 Words   |  7 PagesAristotle stated â€Å"the whole is greater than the sum of its parts†, the same applies in the care of the dual diagnosis of diabetes and ment al illness, the intertwining of the two chronic illness increases the blurring the lines of cause and effect, patients diagnosed with serious mental illness are at greater risk for the development of diabetes due and diabetics are at increased risk for depression due to the chronic nature of diabetes. Numerous studies have delved into the health disparities of

The Drug Of Drug Abuse - 1143 Words

America has been fighting drug abuse for over a century. Four Presidents have waged a â€Å"War on Drugs† and unfortunately, this war continues to be lost at an alarming magnitude. Drug abusers continue to fill our courts, hospitals, and prisons. The drug trade causes violent crime that ravages our neighborhoods. Children of drug abusers are neglected, abused, and even abandoned. The current methods of dealing with this issue are not working. Our society needs to implement new and effective laws and programs to address the problem of drug abuse. Drugs first surfaced in the United States in the 1800’s, with the use of opium during and after the Civil War. Cocaine followed in the 1880’s and the abuse of these drugs at the end of the 19th century reached epidemic proportions. Morphine was discovered in 1906 and soon became a huge problem as well. Drugs were no longer being viewed as harmless remedies for aches and pains. The Harrison Narcotics Act, passed in 1914, w as the United States’ first federal drug policy. The aggressively enforced act restricted the manufacture and sale of marijuana, cocaine, heroin, and morphine. During this time there was a worldwide movement limiting opium and coca crops and by World War II, American drug use had become a rare, marginal social problem. During the 1960s, drugs like marijuana, amphetamines, and psychedelics were developed and a new generation was exposed to drugs. Marijuana became fashionable on college campuses and users sought to expandShow MoreRelatedDrugs And Abuse Of Drugs1564 Words   |  7 Pages Drugs and Abuse Abuse of drugs can have effects on the user even after the use of drugs has stopped. Different drugs produce different effects, depending on the user, type of drug, and severity of abuse. New research is done every day in the area of drug abuse that makes finding accurate results on the broad topic of drug abuse very difficult. From the most recent studies only can one find data that is presently accepted as correct. These numerous studies provide enough data to explain theRead MoreDrug Of Drug And Drug Abuse1538 Words   |  7 PagesDrug Resistance Drug use has become an increasing problem among high schoolers and teenagers around the same age. Ever since the drug war of the 1900s, drugs have been a major problem in today’s society. â€Å"Use of drugs such as opium, morphine, and other byproducts were common in twentieth century America† (Dobkin, 1998). While most students in standard high school drug education know about the use of coca leaves in Coca-Cola and the opium trade in China, drug addiction during the century is muchRead MoreDrugs And Drug Abuse2010 Words   |  9 Pagescould possibly cause such extensive drug use? Some kids give in to peer pressure because they want to be liked, to fit in? In our society some negative consequences of drug abuse is experimental where some people experiment and don’t get hook which does not lead to anything and on the other hand some people can’t handle it, and it only takes one time to developing an addiction, It effects not only that person but also t heir families and friends. People use drugs for a different reason, another causeRead MoreThe Drug Of Drug Abuse1385 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Cocaine is an addictive drug that comes from the coca plant. How cocaine is made and ingested are the primary differences between powdered and crack cocaine. It can be ingested in multiple ways, but inhaling and smoking are the most common. Powdered cocaine is a white substance that is snorted and absorbed through the nasal tissue. Crack cocaine is made by dissolving cocaine with an alkaline (like baking soda), then it turns into a sheet that can be crushed out into â€Å"rock† form. InRead MoreDrug Addiction : Drugs And Drug Abuse Essay1615 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction In our society Heroin, has become an overpowering epidemic around the world, this drug is extremely addictive and has been illegal in the United States for many years. Although many individuals seem to discover a way to obtain this very lethal drug. Even though, heroin is highly addictive and used by choice by an individual with a drug addiction; the number of deaths from Heroin is escalating daily, to the point where more than 26 overdoses in one day maybe even more. This epidemic needsRead MoreDrug Abuse And Drug Addiction1257 Words   |  6 Pages Drugs had been existing since the early 15th century and society has confronted drug abuse and addiction ever since. In the modern world, drug abuse has become a problem for many individuals do to traumatic experiences, mental disorders, peer pressure and personal problems. For every addiction there is always a solution, professional assistance can help a drug addict get control of his/her life once again. Drug rehabilitation programs can be essential for drug addicts only if the victims are committedRead MoreThe Drug Of Drug And Alcohol Abuse Essay1531 Words   |  7 PagesThe movie Trainspotting is an entertaining look into the dark world of drug and alcohol abuse. Heroin is the drug of choice for the protagonist, but other substances are also consumed throughout the film: heroin, prescription medication, opium, hash, amphetamines, and alcohol are a constant presence in the story. Repeated polysubstance abuse combined with a negative social environment and a weak support structur e compounds the problems of Renton, a heroin addicted young adult man living in ScotlandRead MoreDrug Abuse1279 Words   |  6 PagesThe use of and abuse of illegal and prescription drugs are a health, social, and law enforcement problem that is affecting Americans across the country. Drug abuse is destroying the lives of many teens and adults and is also destroying families in the United States. The use of drugs is a major problem in the United States among all Americans, but drug addiction is the main cause for America s troubled teens today. Exactly what is a drug? A drug is any chemical that produces a therapeutic or non-therapeuticRead MoreDrug Abuse And Drug Addiction775 Words   |  4 Pages Drug Abuse Treatment 6.15 6.23 6.49 6.73 7.21 7.55 7.66 7.85 7.89 8.83 Percentage of Total Funding 30.9% 30.2% 29.9% 30.8% 29.0% 30.7% 31.4% 32.0% 31.3% 35.0% Drug Abuse Prevention 2.04 1.96 1.93 1.84 1.95 1.56 1.48 1.34 1.28 1.28 Percentage of Total Funding 10.3% 9.5% 8.9% 8.4% 7.8% 6.3% 6.1% 5.5% 5.1% 5.1% Total Demand Reduction 8.19 8.19 8.43 8.57 9.16 9.11 9.14 9.19 9.16 10.10 Percentage of Total Funding 41.2% 39.7% 38Read MoreDrug Abuse1622 Words   |  7 PagesDrug addiction and abuse are one of the most common public issues in the United States. Drug addiction and abuse can lead to various social issues such as homelessness, overdose, Narcan for free, children in the adoption system, etc.. According to drug abuse.gov, an estimated 271.5 million dollars are used overall in the year 2010 towards illicit drugs and prescription opioids. This epidemic is taking a toll on our younger generations because they are available for most anyone. This trend is common

Capitalism As A Social Problem - 1860 Words

Capitalism is a word that was essentially created by Karl Marx who founded Communism. This economic system includes a self-regulating market. Capitalism can be defined as â€Å"an economic and political system in which a country s trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state† (Oxford Dictionary). In a Capitalist society, the people own resources of main production, however, a lot of the people do not. For an individual to prosper in this type of economic system you either have to supply your own resources or sell an individual’s self to work for a salary. Some people can even get by with just receiving benefits from this system. This issue is defined as a â€Å"social problem† because it divides society†¦show more content†¦What is coupled with the two classes that are described is the main key to understanding capitalism. Capitalism is constructed on a process in which money is funded to result in more money. In the United States of America, Capitalism is the central and most important main factor that our economic system is based off of. Capitalism has been a problem in the United States sense the first ideas of it even arose. However, businesses prospers from day to day through this sense of a free enterprise economy. People in this type of society try to make as much money, get as much profit, and even try to be able to obtain the highest goals that they want before their job or occupation is officially over with. In the United States, we see this kind of action in our day to day lives every day. Individuals go to work, go to school, sell production and just repeat the same thing over and over again to try and achieve the highest status quo. Businesses are huge with banking on this free enterprise economy called Capitalism by selling their produces and giving service with little or even no government involvement. So the question is, is Capitalism a good thing or bad thing for America? Statistics show that time and time again the market collapses and the government has to step in with helping Capitalism stay within the United States, thus it ends up never actually being the perfect Capitalistic society it tries to portray. In another recent study it shows that â€Å"only 11% people

As Level Physical Education Acquiring Movement Skills Free Essays

AS Level Physical Education Acquiring Movement Skills Scheme of work – MCW |Lesson Title |Learning objectives |Homework | |Skill and Ability |Know the term ‘skill’; |Identify three gross motor abilities required for badminton. Justify your answers. | | |Understand different skills and explain how they influence sporting performance. We will write a custom essay sample on As Level Physical Education Acquiring Movement Skills or any similar topic only for you Order Now Identify three perceptual (psychomotor) abilities required for volleyball. Justify your | | |Be able to explain the interaction between ‘skill’ and ‘ability’. |answers. | | | |Outline the difference between skill and ability and explain the relationship that exists | | | |between them. |Classification of motor skills |Know why skills are classified using continua. |Skill analysis on main skills from your number 1 sport. At least 10 skills. | | |Understand the different classifications of skills. |Place on each continuum. | | |Be able to identify specific sporting examples and justify your decisions for placing them on| | | |a specific continuum. | |Classification of practice |Know the factors that need to be considered before a skill is taught. |Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using the whole and part methods of practice | | |Understand the different practice and teaching methods used to facilitate learning and |when developing a sports skill. (10 marks) | | |performance. | | |Be able to critically evaluate these methods and their effectiveness in the learning of | | | |skills. | | |Stages of learning |Know the terms ‘learning’ and ‘performance’. According to Fitts and Posner, performers pass through three stages of learning when | | |Understand the characteristics of the cognitive, associative and autonomous stages of |developing movement skills. | | |learning. |Use a practical example to explain the characteristics of each stage of learning | | |Be able to apply these phases of learning to practical activities. (cognitive, associative, and autonomous). (3) | | | |Describe the type of feedback used at the cognitive, associative and autonomous stages of | | | |learning. (3) | |Types of guidance |Know the types of guidance used in the learning of skills. Using the example of a novice swimmer, explain how a teacher could use the four methods of| | |Understand which type of guidance is most suite d to improve performance at each stage of |guidance to develop the pupil’s swimming skills. (4 marks) | | |learning. |What are the advantages and disadvantages of using manual and mechanical guidance for | | |Be able to critically evaluate these different types of guidance. teaching swimming to beginners? (6 marks) | |Types of practice and mental rehearsal |Know the factors that need to be considered before a skill is taught. |Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of distributed, massed, fixed and varied practice| | |Understand the appropriate use of practice methods to maximise effectiveness, including the |methods on the performance of movement skills. 10 marks) | | |role of mental rehearsal. | | | |Be able to critically evaluate different types of practice methods and their application to | | | |the performance of movement skills. | |Exam analysis |Know the areas of the exam which are areas of strength and those that are in need of |Re-write ‘model answersâ€⠄¢ to exam paper. | | |improvement. | | |Understand how answers are marked in order to maximise your chances of scoring all available | | | |marks. | | |Be able to write model answers using the mark scheme as a guide. | | |Information processing |Know the key components of information processing. |Draw out your own copies of each of the models that we identified. | | |Understand and draw Welford’s and Whiting’s models of information processing. Choose one of the two models that we have identified (Whiting’s or Welford’s). | | |Be able to apply these models to the learning and performance of physical activities |Use a skill or a number of skills in your chosen activities to explain and illustrate how | | | |each component of the model works in that activity. |Memory |Understand the multi-store model of the memory process. |Revision | | |Understand the strategies that can be used to improve both short-term memory storage and | | | |long-term memory stora ge. | | |Be able to apply the memory process to the learning and performance of physical activities. | | |Reaction time |Know what is meant by reaction time, movement time and response time. |Identify and explain four factors that affect response time in practical activities(4 | | |Describe the impact of reaction time on performance. marks) | | |Understand factors that affect response time in practical activities |By using a practical example in sport, explain what is meant by simple reaction time in | | |Be able to apply the theories relating to reaction time to the performance of physical |sport. (2 marks) | | |activities. Choice reaction (Hick’s law) can be explained through the use of a graph. Sketch a graph | | | |to illustrate the effect of choice reaction time on physical performance. (4 marks) | |Exam analysis |Know the areas of the exam which are areas of strength and those that are in need of |Re-write ‘model answers’ to exam paper. | |improvement. | | | |Understand how answers are marked in order to maximise your chances of scoring all available | | | |marks. | | |Be able to write model answers using the mark scheme as a guide. | | |Psychological refractory Period |To consolidate knowledge of reaction time in information processing. |5-10 minute revision presentation | | |Understand the role of anticipation in reaction time. Delivered on the topic you are assigned | | |Be able to apply the ‘psychological refractory period’ to practical activities. |Use the specification to guide you | | | |Need to provide a handout | | | |All presentations will be saved to shared area for whole group benefit |Feedback |Know the different types of feedback available to a performer. |With reference to the learning and performance of movement skills, critically evaluate the| | |Understand the links between use of feedback and the stages of learning. |use of feedback that a coach could use for a performer in the cognitive stage of learning. | |Be able to critically evaluate the different types of feedback to detect and correct errors. |(10 marks) | |Motor programmes |Know the nature of motor and executive programmes. |Plenary wheel activity | | |Understand the types of the motor programmes stored in the LTM. | | |Be able to explain the links to open loop control and the autonomous phase of learning. | | |Schema theory |Know the links between schema and motor programmes. |Page 10 – 2008 exam paper | | |Understand the sources of information used in schema theory. (Revision) | | |Be able to discuss the links between development of schema and organisation of practice. | | |Exam analysis |Know the areas of the exam which are areas of strength and those that are in need of |Re-write ‘model answers’ to exam paper. | | |improvement. | | |Understand how answers are marked in order to maximise your chances of scoring all available | | | |marks. | | | |Be able to write model answers using th e mark scheme as a guide. | |Arousal |Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of arousal as a drive affecting levels of motivation. |No homework – Bring in folders next lesson. | | |Understand the major motivation and arousal theories: Drive Theory, Inverted U Theory and | | | |Catastrophe Theory. | | |Be able to represent each of the theories graphically | | |Motivation |Know about drive reduction theory and its impact on a lifelong, balanced active and healthy |What is meant by the dominant response? Why might the dominant response be of a good | | |lifestyle. |quality at the autonomous phase of learning? (4 marks) | | |Understand motivational strategies and their application to learning and performance of |What is meant by arousal? Why might high levels of arousal be detrimental to the learning | | |physical activities. and performance of someone in the cognitive stages of learning? (4 marks) | | |Be able to critically evaluate motivation and arousal theories and the application of |Drive reduction is one method that can be used to motivate a performer in physical | | |motivational strategies. |education sport. Use a practical example to explain Drive Reduction Theory. 4 marks) | |Theories of learning |The associationalist/connectionist theory of operant conditioning (Skinner); |Poster activity | | |The cognitive theory related to the work of Gestaltists; | | |Observational learning theory |Know the predication made by Social/observational learning theory; |Operant conditioni ng is one way of learning movement skills. Use a practical example to | | |Understand the importance of significant others in the adoption of a balanced, active and |explain Operant Conditioning. (4 marks) | | |healthy lifestyle; |Social psychologists believe skills are best learned through observation. Explain how this| | |Be able to explain Bandura’s model and the factors that affect modelling. |happens and the impact that significant other can have on young people adopting an active,| | | |healthy lifestyle. (4marks) | | | |Identify and explain the four factors that Bandura identified as potential limiting | | | |factors in a learner’s use of modelling. 4 marks) | |Reinforcement of learning |Know the differences between positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement and punishment. |Use practical examples to explain what is meant by the terms ‘S-R bond’; positive | | |Understand Thorndike’s Laws. |reinforcement, negative reinforcement and punishment. (4 marks) | | |Be able to discuss the appropriate use of reinforcement in skill learning and promoting |Thorndike suggested three methods (Thorndike’s Laws) to strengthen the S-R bond. Use a | | |positive, healthy lifestyle behaviour. |practical example to explain each of these methods. 3 mar ks) | | | |Use practical examples to show how appropriate use of reinforcement in skill learning and | | | |promoting positive, healthy lifestyle behaviour. (4 marks) | |Exam analysis |Know the areas of the exam which are areas of strength and those that are in need of |Re-write ‘model answers’ to exam paper. | | |improvement. | | | |Understand how answers are marked in order to maximise your chances of scoring all available | | | |marks. | | |Be able to write model answers using the mark scheme as a guide. | | |Transfer of learning |Know the types of transfer that occur in practical performance. |Explain each of the five types of transfer and give examples to support your answer (5 | | |Understand ways of optimising the effect of positive transfer. |marks). | | |Understand ways of limiting the effect of negative transfer. |How can a teacher or coach ensure that positive transfer takes place? (5 marks) | |Impacts of transfer on learning Understand the effects of tran sfer of learning on schema development and the importance of |Explain the links between varied practice, transfer of learning and Schema development (6 | | |variable practice. |marks) | | |Be able to critically evaluate the different types of transfer and their impact on the |Evaluate critically the different types of transfer and their impact on the development of| | |development of movement skills. |movement skills. (10 marks) | How to cite As Level Physical Education Acquiring Movement Skills, Essay examples

Theatrical Design Elements of Visual Composition

Question: Discuss about the Theatrical Design for Elements of Visual Composition. Answer: Introduction: Three types of production personnel are such as make up designer, hair designer, and dress designer. Make up designers and the hair designers are working closely in a theatre company. They both assess the makeup and hair requirements. By keeping the budget in the mind, makeup and hair designer prepare the makeup and hair budget. The producer and director give them details regarding the scene and the role or character of the actors. The hair designers also cut and colour the hair as per the requirement of the performers. In addition, Chung (2014) mentioned that dress designers also require to consult with the directors, which style would be suitable for the performers. The dress designer needs to focus on the three major areas of fashion such as clothing, footwear and accessories. The hair dressers of Matilda theatre has been suffering from several problems, which are discussed in the following: Require to be a multi-taker. This refers that the hair dresser requires to dress up the hair of the artists along with he or she also requires to have the knowledge regarding hair cutting and hair treatment. Unless having the knowledge, the hair dresser will not be able to survive in the theatre. Nowadays, it can be noticed that the makeup artists are able to dress the hair of the artists. Therefore, the producers are liking to recruit those make up designer who are also able to perform the role of hair dressers (Kim Cheeyong, 2015). Therefore, it can be inferred that the hair dressers also require to learn the skill of makeup dresser for their survival. Rise in competition, therefore, the hair dressers require to update their skills and knowledge. Five health, hygiene and safety requirement, which are required to apply when hair dressers provide their services, are discussed in the following: Need to communicate with the directors and artists regarding the necessity and then also needs to provide advice on hair care. They also need to provide information regarding the hair care treatment as colouring, bleaching and using of chemicals in hair is harmful. Dry hair and then style it using clean brushes or with other equipments. Song Lee (2015) opined that hair spa is helpful for hair growth. A dust off air spray is necessary in order to get hair out of clippers. Five steps of producing hair designs for the production are as follow: Firstly, the hair dresser requires to clarify the hairdressing equipments. In consultation with the personnel, it is necessary to identify the factors impact how hair requires to be styled to achieve the production requirements. Refine designs to integrate feedback as per the necessity. After that thee hair dressers require to be prepared for the hairdressing assignments and also check whether these equipments meet health, hygiene and safety requirements of the performers (Sharif et al., 2016). Lastly, create and apply hair designs. As opined by Kehoe (2015), appropriate hair designing and makeup of an artist is helpful to enhance their characterisation. As the actors are far away from the audience and hence, support from the exaggerated clients is highly required. For example, it can be stated that in case of melodramatic act, the rough style is exemplified with the help of exaggerated movement, make up and also costuming. On the other hand, Malloy (2014) mentioned that as women were not give the permission to perform in Kabuki theatre. Therefore, the male actors require to dress up like a woman and therefore, they require to put wigs and also needed to take make up. Lighting Effect on skin tone Necessary action to be taken Hair appears darker Participants may suffer from respiratory allergies from the excess use of chemicals. In addition, Kuijer, Jong Eijk (2013) added that use of darker hair colour may create asthma to the users. In this point, the experts suggested that although it is required to colour the hair as per the demand of the role, the actors require to wash out the chemicals after the performance. Unless doing this, the users may suffer from several skin diseases. Hair appears lighter The quality of hair is getting poor and with the passage of time, the hair is getting dried up. The hair dressers require to use natural hair colour. In this context, Elkin (2015) mentioned that the hair dressers need to mix 8 chamomile tea bags in the hot water. After that the hair dresser requires to keep the pot for 30 minutes. Then he requires to mix concoction in order to clean the dry hair. Apart from this, the hair dresser can uses organic hair colours. According to Sandlin (2014), based on the physical appearance and the character of the role, the hair dressers dress the hairs of the actors. If a young actor requires to play the role of an old people, then the hair dressers requires to colour white of the actor. Therefore, it can be inferred that physical appearance of the actor can efficiently influence their acting skill. In 1950s, some of the popular hair styles for female actors were such as Italian cut, curved but waved short type hair style, bubble cut, poodle cut, butch cut etc. In the opinion of Chung (2014), it can be mentioned that curls and waves were created by setting the wet hairs of the female artists with the help of pin curls. In addition, small rollers and water were used for the purpose of waving. After that setting lotion was applied and then dried off the hair with the help of hooded dryers. Pin curls were used in the opposite direction. However, Kehoe (2015) mentioned that for long hair, the hair dressers opted perming type hair style. In this type of hair style, the hair dressers did the curl with the help of small perming rods. Moreover, it can be added that colouring the hairs and techniques were getting advanced from the year of 1950. During this time, the hair dressers were willing to use several types of hats in the head of the female actress. As per the statement of Malloy (2014), the production factors has a direct impact on the makeup designing. In this context, it can be mentioned that men actors requires to shaving off their facial hair and the moustaches were required to be neatly clipped. In addition, their hair was required to be short, neat and also needed to be dressed with hair of oil or with cream. This was the scenario of 1930. However, as per the production demand, the moustache of the male artists was famous, but beards were not popular in the year of 1940. The specific requirements of the performers also reflect the makeup design. In this context, Elkin (2015) opined that since 1939 that is after World War II, the performers of Europe was suffering from shortages of cosmetics. In that time, only red matte lipstick was produced and government allowed to produce these products in order to increase the morale of thee female actors. Therefore, the performers during that time also willing to use the red matte lipstick and due to thee availability the makeup designers were forced to use this. This is how the makeup artists were influenced with the requirements of the consumers. According to Goff et al., (2013), it is necessary to discuss the makeup procedures with the performers. Each of the performers skin tone is not similar with the others. Therefore, before doing the makeup, the makeup designers require to discuss whether any product or accessory would create allergy on the skins or not. Moreover, in case of hair cutting, the hair dressers require to admit whether the performer like short or long type hair. In this point, it can be identified that the young performers are usually like miniskirts, tights, knee high boots and heavy high make up. They do not have any fascination regarding the length of their hair, but they preferred to use false eyelashes during their play. These all prove that before generating the makeup design, the designers require to consult with the clients. References Chung, K. Y. (2014). Effect of facial makeup style recommendation on visual sensibility.Multimedia Tools and Applications,71(2), 843-853. Elkin, S. L. (2015).Reconstructing the commercial republic: Constitutional design after Madison. University of Chicago Press. Goff, C., Burns, J. L., King, P. T. P., Stock, C., Skifstrom, E. E., Buse, C. H., ... Cordova, A. (2013).U.S. Patent No. 8,590,543. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Kehoe, V. (2015).Special make-up effects. CRC Press. Kim, M., Cheeyong, K. (2015). Augmented reality fashion apparel simulation using a magic mirror.International journal of smart home,9(2), 169-178. Kuijer, L., Jong, A. D., Eijk, D. V. (2013). Practices as a unit of design: An exploration of theoretical guidelines in a study on bathing.ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI),20(4), 21. Malloy, K. (2014).The art of theatrical design: elements of visual composition, methods, and practice. CRC Press. Sandlin, E. F. (2014).Start Your Own Hair Salon and Day Spa: Your Step-by-step Guide to Success. Entrepreneur Press. Sharif, M., Bhagavatula, S., Bauer, L., Reiter, M. K. (2016, October). Accessorize to a crime: Real and stealthy attacks on state-of-the-art face recognition. InProceedings of the 2016 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security(pp. 1528-1540). ACM. Song, W. Y., Lee, M. H. (2015). A Study of Impression Formation According to Men's Accessories Wearing and Hairstyle.Journal of the Korean Society of Costume,65(2), 17-32.

Motivational Cues of Students with Single Parents free essay sample

Discussing school issues and attending school function has a positive effect on the children’s academic achievement(Jeynes, 2005) but the need to search for a greener pasture has become one of the main issues between family members. To provide quality life for the family, one or both parents fly abroad to work and leave their kids. On their resiliency on parental absence, children of overseas Filipino workers do understand that the idea of readily available work, amenities and bigger income offered in other countries pull certain group of parents to migrate. Thus children with migrant parents view this as an opportunity for better education and they have the means to enroll in private schools (Bielza-Valdez, 2011). Few researches have shown that students who live in one parent households are disadvantaged in many counts. In Asia, the Philippines is the major supplier of labor migrants to over 100 countries and the leading female migrant sending countries along with Indonesia. We will write a custom essay sample on Motivational Cues of Students with Single Parents or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page More than 8 million (10%) out of the 85 million Filipinos were working or living abroad, while over 72% of total migrants from Philippines were women workers.Many of these women work as domestic helpers, nurses, caregivers, and entertainers. With this huge number of Filipino migrants (and still more) living the country temporarily (or permanently), a more pressing concern is with regards to children left behind. Though there is no systematic data on the number of children left behind, it is estimated to be 9 million or 27% of the total youth. The perceived social costs of migration have been always been part of the reasons why various sectors of Filipino society are ambivalent about overseas employment.Aside from the myriad problems migrants encounter abroad, concerns over the stability of families have received much attention. In the 1970s, when male migrants dominated labor migration, the absence of fathers was seen as weakening Filipino families. In the 1980s, women became part of labor migration. As the feminization of migration persisted, the anxieties magnified because mothers, who are considered as the â€Å"light of the home,† are not around for their families. As the foundation of Philippine society, there are fears that threats to the family redound to threats to the nation’s social fabric as a whole.Our parents portray a very big role in our achievement-most especially in academics. Parental effort is consistently associated with higher levels of achievement, and the magnitude of the effect of parental effort is substantial (Conway, 2008). The children of single parent families are more likely to be impoverished, to break the law, to abuse drugs, to do poorly in school, to become pregnant before the age of twenty, and to have emotional and behavioural problems. A common desire for all parents is to see that their child is happy, healthy, and successful.School provides an array of opportunities for children to be successful starting at a young age. Academic success can lead to feelings of competency, self-worth, and high self-esteem (Slavin, 2000). In addition to its positive effects on a childs emotions, early academic success is related to success throughout a childs academic career (Turner Johnson, 2003). However, students who do not perform well in early years may develop poor academic self-concepts and, as a result, perform poorly in later years (Marsh Ye ung, 1997).

The Crucible Act 3

The Crucible Act 3 Free Online Research Papers The well known novel, The crucible , is based off true events during the Salem witch trials, which took place in the early 1900’s. Many people were accused of being a witch and/or causing harm to the colonist in the Americas. In the acts that have led up to act III, many women have been accused and charged of immoral crimes. During this time era religion was a major objects in peoples’ life, it is believed that religion had an influence on the witch trials. It is also believed that the trials were to keep women from gaining to much power, they were not suppose to be the upper authority so therefore in the were in jail and/or hung they couldn’t receive power over men. At the beginning of act III Judge Hawthorne is in the court house and the trials for that day have started. First on trial is Martha Corey, accused of witchcraft, but Giles doesn’t agree with this accusation and is convinced that this is Mr. Putnam’s way of acquiring new land for himself. To solve the problem and to see if Giles Corey’s accusation is true the judge, the deputy governor, both the reverends, and Francis join Giles in the vestry room to discuss the matter at hand. While the Corey-Putnam situation is being solved to more people, Proctor and Mary Warren, enter the room. Shortly after Proctor and Ms.Warren enter the room, Mary tells the others that’s the girls and herself were only pretending to be affected by witch craft, nothing had really happened to them. The town’s authority was surprised that the girls would come up with such accusations against the towns people, Judge Danforth has asked Proctor if he has informed the town about the confession of the girl. In reaction to such lies, Paris suggest over throwing the court and Danforth questions John to see if he is conspiring to ignore the courts authority. John calmly states that he only wants to have his wife back. Cheever, who was sitting quietly watching the following events, has no problem in telling the judge that john tore up Elizabeth’s warrant for her arrest, along with the fact the Proctor breaks the law on Sunday and plows his land. Judge Danforth begins to ask John about his religion, and is shocked that John barely goes to church. John doesn’t really show any concern about what happens to himself, he just worries about his wife because he knows she isn’t guilty of witch craft, she is just a good religiously, godly woman that does as she should. To much of Proctor’s surprise the judges tell him not to worry about her, Elizabeth has claimed to be pregnant and won’t be hung until after she births her baby. Procto r is asked to drop his charge against the court but he wont, instead he returns with a protest signed by ninety-one land owning citizens of Salem, each and every person speaks of what good people Martha, Elizabeth, and Rebecca are. Rev. Paris suggest that all ninety-one people be prosecuted for this protest because it seems to attack the court and undermined authority of Salem. Later in act III, Abigail Williams is brought into the court room, she is called there by Judge Danforth. When Ms. Williams and her friends arrive she is questioned about Mary Warren’s confession, Abigail disagrees with all of it. Mary repeats that the girls are only pretending and none of this is real. To prove her true, Hawthorne ask Mary to pretend to faint for the court but she replies she can’t because she doesn’t known how to. Mary Warren is under so much pressure that she quickly says she only thought she saw spirits but it wasn’t really real. Soon Danforth tries to get Abigail to tell them all the truth but she just shivers then states that Mary had send a cold wind upon them. Knowing that Abigail and her girls are lying, Proctor stands up and yells that Abigail is a whore, and admits to his affair with her, which explained why Elizabeth fired her when she found out about the situation. John exclaims that Abigail wanted Elizabeth to be hung so sh e could take his wife’s place in the home. When John Finishes his accusations against Abigail the judge tells both of them to turn around then send for Mrs. Proctor. Upon Elizabeth’s arrival she is asked why was Abigail fired, confused she looks at John for help but is ordered to just look at the judge. Elizabeth states that she thought John had a thing for Abigail and in rage fired the child without a reason, as Mrs. Proctor leaves john yells that he confessed his sin, but the story couldn’t be changed. In all the commotion all the girls shout that Mary is sending spirits at them, that they need help. Mart begs them to stop but they just keep repeating their accusing words over and over. Everybody in the room looks around in fear and excitement, but they are confused about the fake happenings among them. Mary becomes scared with everybody’s commotion and begins to yell and shout as well. Proctor tries to help her but she moves abruptly from him and say s he is the devil’s man. She accuses John Proctor of speaking with the devil and trying to get her to join his evil ways. John is arrested after all the accusation and his confession to adultery and after trial is proven guilty among all the accusations. Research Papers on The Crucible Act 3Capital Punishment19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraWhere Wild and West MeetPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyUnreasonable Searches and SeizuresPETSTEL analysis of IndiaThe Masque of the Red Death Room meaningsCanaanite Influence on the Early Israelite ReligionQuebec and CanadaMind Travel

Rhinoceros Beetles, Subfamily Dynastinae

Rhinoceros Beetles, Subfamily Dynastinae Members of the beetle subfamily Dynastinae include some impressive-looking beetles with impressive-sounding names: rhinoceros beetles, elephant beetles, and Hercules beetles. The group includes some of the largest extant insects on Earth, many with impressive horns. For purposes of this article, we will use the term rhinoceros beetles to represent all members of this subfamily. Description: Rhinoceros beetles and other members of the subfamily Dynastinae are usually convex and rounded in shape (similar to lady beetles in shape, but much larger). The species that inhabit North America aren’t as large as those found in other parts of the world, but our eastern Hercules beetles (Dynastes tityus) reach a still-impressive 2.5 inches long. Identification of this subfamily requires some knowledge of beetle morphology and its associated terminology. In rhinoceros beetles, the labrum (upper lip) is hidden beneath a rounded, shield-like structure called the clypeus. Rhinoceros beetle antennae consist of 9-10 segments, usually with the last 3 segments forming a small club. For additional identifying traits of this subfamily, please refer to the details provided on the Generic Guide to the New World Scarab Beetles website. Classification: Kingdom – AnimaliaPhylum – ArthropodaClass – InsectaOrder – ColeopteraFamily - ScarabaeidaeSubfamily - Dynastinae Diet: Rhinoceros beetles and other members of the subfamily Dynastinae generally feed on decomposing vegetation (rotting wood, leaf litter, etc.) as larvae. Many adults feed on decaying plant roots underground, although some species also appear to feed on sap and fermenting fruit. Life Cycle: Like all beetles, rhinoceros beetles undergo complete metamorphosis with four life stages: egg, larva, pupa, and adult. Some species are relatively long-lived as insects go, and may take up to two years to reach maturity. Special Adaptations and Defenses: Male rhinoceros beetles often bear large horns, either on the head or the pronotum, which they use to joust with other males in battles over territory. Remarkably, recent research showed these enormous and bulky horns don’t impede the male rhinoceros beetle’s ability to fly. Range and Distribution: Rhinoceros beetles and their kin live throughout the world, with the exception of the polar regions, and are most diverse in the tropics. Scientists have described about 1,500 species to date and subdivided these into eight tribes within the subfamily Dynastinae. Sources: Borror and DeLong’s Introduction to the Study of Insects, 7th edition, by Charles A. Triplehorn and Norman F. Johnson.Subfamily Dynastinae - Rhinoceros Beetles, BugGuide.Net. Accessed July 20, 2013.Kaufman Field Guide to Insects of North America, by Eric R. Eaton and Kenn Kaufman.Dynastinae, Generic Guide to New World Scarab Beetles, University of Nebraska State Museum. Accessed July 20, 2013.Volume 1: Morphology and Systematics (Archostemata, Adephaga, Myxophaga, Polyphaga partim), by Rolf G. Beutel and Richard Leschen. Accessed via Google Books on July 20, 2013.Elaborate horns in a giant rhinoceros beetle incur negligible aerodynamic costs, Erin L. McCullough and Bret W. Tobalske, Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. Accessed online July 20, 2013.

Development of Research Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Development of Research Questions - Essay Example The NCU Proposal and Dissertation Review Form (DRF) serves as a source reference for additional information regarding purpose statement requirements and appropriate documentation. The method of choice represents a combination of both quantitative research questions and hypotheses, which study the relationship between different variables that the researcher seeks to know, and qualitative research questions, where inquirers state research questions - not objectives or hypotheses. Various sources used in this paper, including different published research materials and Internet articles. In order to successfully carry out the research study on the proposed thesis, specific questions should be established to be researched in order for hypotheses to be tested. Thus, created signposts act as guidance and assist the research. Based on nature of this study, which sets out to research different challenges and presented opportunities that international students experience while taking accounting courses at U.S colleges, there is a strong need for using the mixed methods research and hypotheses. According to Creswell (2009), â€Å"a strong mixed methods study should start with mixed methods research questions, to shape the methods and the overall design of a study†. This method of choice represents a combination of both quantitative research questions and hypotheses, which study the relationship among different variables that the researcher seeks to know, and qualitative research questions, where the inquirer states research questions, not objectives or hypotheses. Provided is a progress development of a two-phase research study with the separate quantitative and qualitative research hypotheses and questions stated in sections introducing each phase. This research will not utilize separate, distinct mixed methods research questions, but rather will use a step-by-step approach. This research study will be conducted on-site of several

H.W Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

H.W - Essay Example He further oversees the training and creating of awareness to other employees. 3. The control perimeters and the isolation zones need to well aerated and spacious to enable the affected victims gain fresh air as well as enough space to rest before they are taken for further medical check-up. 4. The process used by my department in the establishment of initial command and operations at a hazmat incident include on-scene response by the hazmat management officers through provision of technical help and advice on further treatment of the situation. The officers are able to conduct offensive-control actions such as hot-zone entry for stabilization and confinement of the products. 5. The shape of the container defines the type of risk that is associated with a given product. Different ranges of chemicals are contained in different types of container so as to avoid any form of confusion that may arise thus minimizing the risks that may arise careless handling of the product. Silhouetting exposes the characteristics of the material and not its contents. 7. The department has devised several means of handling unknown substances which include proper identification of the nature of the substances as well as handling them with necessary precautions. Factors that will assist in accurate determination is to consider substance qualities such as density, color smell and the melting and boiling points. The density, color and smell of the unknown substance can then be compared with other known substance. 8. The hazard and risk assessment is performed by first of all assuming that any mixture of chemicals is more toxic in comparison to other chemicals. All new components and unknown substances need to be considered as toxic before they are subjected to any form of tests. The manner in which the chemical is put into use must also be taken into consideration. 9. The department’s respiratory

The ability of a metal

The ability of a metal < The ability of a metal to deform plastically and to absorb energy in the process before fracture is termed toughness. The emphasis of this definition should be placed on the ability to absorb energy before fracture. Recall that ductility is a measure of how much something deforms plastically before fracture, but just because a material is ductile does not make it tough. The key to toughness is a good combination of strength and ductility. A material with high strength and high ductility will have more toughness than a material with low strength and high ductility. Therefore, one way to measure toughness is by calculating the area under the stress strain curve from a tensile test. This value is simply called material toughness and it has units of energy per volume. Material toughness equates to a slow absorption of energy by the material. There are several variables that have a profound influence on the toughness of a material. These variables are: train rate (rate of loading). Temperature. Notch effect. A metal may possess satisfactory toughness under static loads but may fail under dynamic loads or impact. As a rule ductility and, therefore, toughness decrease as the rate of loading increases. Temperature is the second variable to have a major influence on its toughness. As temperature is lowered, the ductility and toughness also decrease. The third variable is termed notch effect, has to due with the distribution of stress. A material might display good toughness when the applied stress is uniaxial; but when a multiaxial stress state is produced due to the presence of a notch, the material might not withstand the simultaneous elastic and plastic deformation in the various directions. There are several standard types of toughness test that generate data for specific loading conditions and/or component design approaches. Three of the toughness properties that will be discussed in more detail are: Impact toughness. Notch toughness. Fracture toughness. Impact Toughness: The impact toughness (AKA Impact strength) of a material can be determined with a Charpy or Izod test. These tests are named after their inventors and were developed in the early 1900s before fracture mechanics theory was available. Impact properties are not directly used in fracture mechanics calculations, but the economical impact tests continue to be used as a quality control method to assess notch sensitivity and for comparing the relative toughness of engineering materials. The two tests use different specimens and methods of holding the specimens, but both tests make use of a pendulum-testing machine. For both tests, the specimen is broken by a single overload event due to the impact of the pendulum. A stop pointer is used to record how far the pendulum swings back up after fracturing the specimen. The impact toughness of a metal is determined by measuring the energy absorbed in the fracture of the specimen. This is simply obtained by noting the height at which the pendulum is released and the height to which the pendulum swings after it has struck the specimen . The height of the pendulum times the weight of the pendulum produces the potential energy and the difference in potential energy of the pendulum at the start and the end of the test is equal to the absorbed energy. Since toughness is greatly affected by temperature, a Charpy or Izod test is often repeated numerous times with each specimen tested at a different temperature. This produces a graph of impact toughness for the material as a function of temperature. An impact toughness versus temperature graph for a steel is shown in the image. It can be seen that at low temperatures the material is more brittle and impact toughness is low. At high temperatures the material is more ductile and impact toughness is higher. The transition temperature is the boundary between brittle and ductile behavior and this temperature is often an extremely important consideration in the selection of a material. Fracture Toughness: Fracture toughness is an indication of the amount of stress required to propagate a preexisting flaw. It is a very important material property since the occurrence of flaws is not completely avoidable in the processing, fabrication, or service of a material/component. Flaws may appear as cracks, voids, metallurgical inclusions, weld defects, design discontinuities, or some combination thereof. Since engineers can never be totally sure that a material is flaw free, it is common practice to assume that a flaw of some chosen size will be present in some number of components and use the linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM) approach to design critical components. This approach uses the flaw size and features, component geometry, loading conditions and the material property called fracture toughness to evaluate the ability of a component containing a flaw to resist fracture. A parameter called the stress-intensity factor (K) is used to determine the fracture toughness of most materials. A Roman numeral subscript indicates the mode of fracture and the three modes of fracture are illustrated in the image to the right. Mode I fracture is the condition in which the crack plane is normal to the direction of largest tensile loading. This is the most commonly encountered mode and, therefore, for the remainder of the material we will consider KI. The stress intensity factor is a function of loading, crack size, and structural geometry. The stress intensity factor may be represented. Role of Material Thickness: Specimens having standard proportions but different absolute size produce different values for KI. This results because the stress states adjacent to the flaw changes with the specimen thickness (B) until the thickness exceeds some critical dimension. Once the thickness exceeds the critical dimension, the value of KI becomes relatively constant and this value, KIC , is a true material property which is called the plane-strain fracture toughness. The relationship between stress intensity, KI, and fracture toughness, KIC, is similar to the relationship between stress and tensile stress. The stress intensity, KI, represents the level of stress at the tip of the crack and the fracture toughness, KIC, is the highest value of stress intensity that a material under very specific (plane-strain) conditions that a material can withstand without fracture. As the stress intensity factor reaches the KIC value, unstable fracture occurs. As with a materials other mechanical properties, KIC is commo nly reported in reference books and other sources. Plane Strain: A condition of a body in which the displacements of all points in the body are parallel to a given plane, and the values of theses displacements do not depend on the distance perpendicular to the plane. Plane Stress: A condition of a body in which the state of stress is such that two of the principal stresses are always parallel to a given plane and are constant in the normal direction. Plane-Strain and Plane-Stress: When a material with a crack is loaded in tension, the materials develop plastic strains as the yield stress is exceeded in the region near the crack tip. Material within the crack tip stress field, situated close to a free surface, can deform laterally (in the z-direction of the image) because there can be no stresses normal to the free surface. The state of stress tends to biaxial and the material fractures in a characteristic ductile manner, with a 45o shear lip being formed at each free surface. This condition is called plane-stress and it occurs in relatively thin bodies where the stress through the thickness cannot vary appreciably due to the thin section. However, material away from the free surfaces of a relatively thick component is not free to deform laterally as it is constrained by the surrounding material. The stress state under these conditions tends to triaxial and there is zero strain perpendicular to both the stress axis and the direction of crack propagation when a material is loaded in tension. This condition is called plane-strain and is found in thick plates. Under plane-strain conditions, materials behave essentially elastic until the fracture stress is reached and then rapid fracture occurs. Since little or no plastic deformation is noted, this mode fracture is termed brittle fracture. Plane-Strain Fracture Toughness Testing: When performing a fracture toughness test, the most common test specimen configurations are the single edge notch bend (SENB or three-point bend), and the compact tension (CT) specimens. From the above discussion, it is clear that an accurate determination of the plane-strain fracture toughness requires a specimen whose thickness exceeds some critical thickness (B). Testing has shown that plane-strain conditions generally prevail when: When a material of unknown fracture toughness is tested, a specimen of full material section thickness is tested or the specimen is sized based on a prediction of the fracture toughness. If the fracture toughness value resulting from the test does not satisfy the requirement of the above equation, the test must be repeated using a thicker specimen. In addition to this thickness calculation, test specifications have several other requirements that must be met (such as the size of the shear lips) before a test can be said to have resulted in a KIC value. When a test fails to meet the thickness and other test requirement that are in place to insure plane-strain condition, the fracture toughness values produced is given the designation KC. Sometimes it is not possible to produce a specimen that meets the thickness requirement. For example when a relatively thin plate product with high toughness is being tested, it might not be possible to produce a thicker specimen with plain-strain conditions at the crack tip. Plane-Stress and Transitional-Stress States: For cases where the plastic energy at the crack tip is not negligible, other fracture mechanics parameters, such as the J integral or R-curve, can be used to characterize a material. The toughness data produced by these other tests will be dependant on the thickness of the product tested and will not be a true material property. However, plane-strain conditions do not exist in all structural configurations and using KIC values in the design of relatively thin areas may result in excess conservatism and a weight or cost penalty. In cases where the actual stress state is plane-stress or, more generally, some intermediate- or transitional-stress state, it is more appropriate to use J integral or R-curve data, which account for slow, stable fracture (ductile tearing) rather than rapid (brittle) fracture. Uses of Plane-Strain Fracture Toughness: KIC values are used to determine the critical crack length when a given stress is applied to a component. Orientation: The fracture toughness of a material commonly varies with grain direction. Therefore, it is customary to specify specimen and crack orientations by an ordered pair of grain direction symbols. The first letter designates the grain direction normal to the crack plane. The second letter designates the grain direction parallel to the fracture plane. For flat sections of various products, e.g., plate, extrusions, forgings, etc., in which the three grain directions are designated (L) longitudinal, (T) transverse, and (S) short transverse, the six principal fracture path directions are: L-T, L-S, T-L, T-S, S-L and S-T. Fatigue Properties: Fatigue cracking is one of the primary damage mechanisms of structural components. Fatigue cracking results from cyclic stresses that are below the ultimate tensile stress, or even the yield stress of the material. The name fatigue is based on the concept that a material becomes tired and fails at a stress level below the nominal strength of the material. The facts that the original bulk design strengths are not exceeded and the only warning sign of an impending fracture is an often hard to see crack, makes fatigue damage especially dangerous. The fatigue life of a component can be expressed as the number of loading cycles required to initiate a fatigue crack and to propagate the crack to critical size. Therefore, it can be said that fatigue failure occurs in three stages crack initiation; slow, stable crack growth; and rapid fracture. As discussed previously, dislocations play a major role in the fatigue crack initiation phase. In the first stage, dislocations accumulate near surface stress concentrations and form structures called persistent slip bands (PSB) after a large number of loading cycles. PSBs are areas that rise above (extrusion) or fall below (intrusion) the surface of the component due to movement of material along slip planes. This leaves tiny steps in the surface that serve as stress risers where tiny cracks can initiate. These tiny crack (called microcracks) nucleate along planes of high shear stress which is often 45o to the loading direction. In the second stage of fatigue, some of the tiny microcracks join together and begin to propagate through the material in a direction that is perpendicular to the maximum tensile stress. Eventually, the growth of one or a few crack of the larger cracks will dominate over the rest of the cracks. With continued cyclic loading, the growth of the dominate crack or cracks will continue until the remaining uncracked section of the component can no longer support the load. At this point, the fracture toughness is exceeded and the remaining cross-section of the material experiences rapid fracture. This rapid overload fracture is the third stage of fatigue failure. Factors Affecting Fatigue Life In order for fatigue cracks to initiate, three basic factors are necessary. First, the loading pattern must contain minimum and maximum peak values with large enough variation or fluctuation. The peak values may be in tension or compression and may change over time but the reverse loading cycle must be sufficiently great for fatigue crack initiation. Secondly, the peak stress levels must be of sufficiently high value. If the peak stresses are too low, no crack initiation will occur. Thirdly, the material must experience a sufficiently large number of cycles of the applied stress. The number of cycles required to initiate and grow a crack is largely dependant on the first to factors. In addition to these three basic factors, there are a host of other variables, such as stress concentration, corrosion, temperature, overload, metallurgical structure, and residual stresses which can affect the propensity for fatigue. Since fatigue cracks generally initiate at a surface, the surface condition of the component being loaded will have an effect on its fatigue life. Surface roughness is important because it is directly related to the level and number of stress concentrations on the surface. The higher the stress concentration the more likely a crack is to nucleate. Smooth surfaces increase the time to nucleation. Notches, scratches, and other stress risers decrease fatigue life. Surface residual stress will also have a significant effect on fatigue life. Compressive residual stresses from machining, cold working, heat treating will oppose a tensile load and thus lower the amplitude of cyclic loading. The figure shows several types of loading that could initiate a fatigue crack. The upper left figure shows sinusoidal loading going from a tensile stress to a compressive stress. For this type of stress cycle the maximum and minimum stresses are equal. Tensile stress is considered positive, and compressive stress is negative. The figure in the upper right shows sinusoidal loading with the minimum and maximum stresses both in the tensile realm. Cyclic compression loading can also cause fatigue. The lower figure shows variable-amplitude loading, which might be experienced by a bridge or airplane wing or any other component that experiences changing loading patterns. In variable-amplitude loading, only those cycles exceeding some peak threshold will contribute to fatigue cracking. S-N Fatigue Properties. There are two general types of fatigue tests conducted. One test focuses on the nominal stress required to cause a fatigue failure in some number of cycles. This test results in data presented as a plot of stress (S) against the number of cycles to failure (N), which is known as an S-N curve. A log scale is almost always used for N. The data is obtained by cycling smooth or notched specimens until failure. The usual procedure is to test the first specimen at a high peak stress where failure is expected in a fairly short number of cycles. The test stress is decreased for each succeeding specimen until one or two specimens do not fail in the specified numbers of cycles, which is usually at least 107 cycles. The highest stress at which a runout (non-failure) occurs is taken as the fatigue threshold. Not all materials have a fatigue threshold (most nonferrous metallic alloys do not) and for these materials the test is usually terminated after about 108 or 5108 cycles. Since the amplitude of the cyclic loading has a major effect on the fatigue performance, the S-N relationship is determined for one specific loading amplitude. The amplitude is express as the R ratio value, which is the minimum peak stress divided by the maximum peak stress. (R=ÏÆ'min/ÏÆ'max). It is most common to test at an R ratio of 0.1 but families of curves, with each curve at a different R ratio, are often developed. A variation to the cyclic stress controlled fatigue test is the cyclic strain controlled test. In this test, the strain amplitude is held constant during cycling. Strain controlled cyclic loading is more representative of the loading found in thermal cycling, where a component expands and contracts in response to fluctuations in the operating temperature. It should be noted that there are several short comings of S-N fatigue data. First, the conditions of the test specimens do not always represent actual service conditions. For example, components with surface conditions, such as pitting from corrosion, which differs from the condition of the test specimens will have significantly different fatigue performance. Furthermore, there is often a considerable amount of scatter in fatigue data even when carefully machined standard specimens out of the same lot of material are used. Since there is considerable scatter in the data, a reduction factor is often applied to the S-N curves to provide conservative values for the design of components. Introduction to Materials: This section will provide a basic introduction to materials and material fabrication processing. It is important that NDT personnel have some background in material science for a couple of reasons. First, nondestructive testing almost always involves the interaction of energy of some type (mechanics, sound, electricity, magnetism or radiation) with a material. To understand how energy interacts with a material, it is necessary to know a little about the material. Secondly, NDT often involves detecting manufacturing defects and service induced damage and, therefore, it is necessary to understand how defects and damage occur. This section will begin with an introduction to the four common types of engineering materials. The structure of materials at the atomic level will then be considered, along with some atomic level features that give materials their characteristic properties. Some of the properties that are important for the structural performance of a material and methods for modifying these properties will also be covered. In the second half of this text, methods used to shape and form materials into useful shapes will be discussed. Some of the defects that can occur during the manufacturing process, as well as service induced damage will be highlighted. This section will conclude with a summary of the role that NDT plays in ensuring the structural integrity of a component. In materials science, fracture toughness is a property which describes the ability of a material containing a crack to resist fracture, and is one of the most important properties of any material for virtually all design applications. It is denoted KIc and has the units of . The subscript Ic denotes mode I crack opening under a normal tensile stress perpendicular to the crack, since the material can be made thick enough to resist shear (mode II) or tear (mode III). Fracture toughness is a quantitative way of expressing a materials resistance to brittle fracture when a crack is present. If a material has a large value of fracture toughness it will probably undergo ductile fracture. Brittle fracture is very characteristic of materials with a low fracture toughness value. [1] Fracture mechanics, which leads to the concept of fracture toughness, was largely based on the work of A. A. Griffith who, among other things, studied the behavior of cracks in brittle materials. Crack growth as a stability problem: Consider a body with flaws (cracks) that is subject to some loading; the stability of the crack can be assessed as follows. We can assume for simplicity that the loading is of constant displacement or displacement controlled type (such as loading with a screw jack); we can also simplify the discussion by characterizing the crack by its area, A. If we consider an adjacent state of the body as being one with a larger crack (area A+dA), we can then assess strain energy in the two states and evaluate strain energy release rate. The rate is reckoned with respect to the change in crack area, so if we use U for strain energy, the strain energy release rate is numerically dU/dA. It may be noted that for a body loaded in constant displacement mode, the displacement is applied and the force level is dictated by stiffness (or compliance) of the body. If the crack grows in size, the stiffness decreases, so the force level will decrease. This decrease in force level under the same displacement (strain) level indicates that the elastic strain energy stored in the body is decreasing is being released. Hence the term strain energy release rate which is usually denoted with symbol G. The strain energy release rate is higher for higher loads and larger cracks. If the strain energy so released exceeds a critical value Gc, then the crack will grow spontaneously. For brittle materials, Gc can be equated to the surface energy of the (two) new crack surfaces; in other words, in brittle materials, a crack will grow spontaneously if the strain energy released is equal to or greater than the energy required to grow the crack surface(s). The stability condition can be written as; Elastic energy released = surface energy created: If the elastic energy releases is less than the critical value, then the crack will not grow; equality signifies neutral stability and if the strain energy release rate exceeds the critical value, the crack will start growing in an unstable manner. For ductile materials, energy associated with plastic deformation has to be taken into account. When there is plastic deformation at the crack tip (as occurs most often in metals) the energy to propagate the crack may increase by several orders of magnitude as the work related to plastic deformation may be much larger than the surface energy. In such cases, the stability criterion has to restated as; Elastic energy released = surface energy + plastic deformation energy; Practically, this means a higher value for the critical value Gc. From the definition of G, we can deduce that it has dimensions of work (or energy) /area or force/length. For ductile metals GIc is around 50 to 200 kJ/m2, for brittle metals it is usually 1-5 and for glasses and brittle polymers it is almost always less than 0.5. The I subscript here refers to mode I or crack opening mode as described in the section on fracture mechanics. The problem can also be formulated in terms of stress instead of energy, leading to the terms stress intensity factor K (or KI for mode I) and critical stress intensity factor Kc (and KIc). These Kc and KIc (etc) quantities are commonly referred to as fracture toughness, though it is equivalent to use Gc. Typical values for KIcare 150 MN/m3/2 for ductile (very tough) metals, 25 for brittle ones and 1-10 for glasses and brittle polymers. Notice the different units used by GIc and KIc. Engineers tend to use the latter as an indication of toughness. Transformation toughening: Composites exhibiting the highest level of fracture toughness are typically made of a pure alumina or some silica-alumina (SiO2 /Al2O3) matrix with tiny inclusions of zirconia (ZrO2) dispersed as uniformly as possible within the solid matrix. (*Note: a wet chemical approach is typically necessary in order to establish the compositional uniformity of the ceramic body before firing). The process of transformation toughening is based on the assumption that zirconia undergoes several martensitic (displacive, diffusionless) phase transformations (cubic → tetragonal → monoclinic) between room temperature and practical sintering (or firing) temperatures. Thus, due to the volume restrictions induced by the solid matrix, metastable crystalline structures can become frozen in which impart an internal strain field surrounding each zirconia inclusion upon cooling. This enables a zirconia particle (or inclusion) to absorb the energy of an approaching crack tip front in its nearby vicinity. Thus, the application of large shear stresses during fracture nucleates the transformation of a zirconia inclusion from the metastable phase. The subsequent volume expansion from the inclusion (via an increase in the height of the unit cell) introduces compressive stresses which therefore strengthen the matrix near the approaching crack tip front. Zirconia whiskers may be used expressly for this purpose. Appropriately referred to by its first dicoverers as ceramic steel, the stress intensity factor values for window glass (silica), transformation toughened alumina, and a typical iron/carbon steel range from 1 to 20 to 50 respectively. Conjoint action: There are number of instances where this picture of a critical crack is modified by corrosion. Thus, fretting corrosion occurs when a corrosive medium is present at the interface between two rubbing surfaces. Fretting (in the absence of corrosion) results from the disruption of very small areas that bond and break as the surfaces undergo friction, often under vibrating conditions. The bonding contact areas deform under the localised pressure and the two surfaces gradually wear away. Fracture mechanics dictates that each minute localised fracture has to satisfy the general rule that the elastic energy released as the bond fractures has to exceed the work done in plastically deforming it and in creating the (very tiny) fracture surfaces. This process is enhanced when corrosion is present, not least because the corrosion products act as an abrasive between the rubbing surfaces. Fatigue is another instance where cyclical stressing, this time of a bulk lump of metal, causes small flaws to develop. Ultimately one such flaw exceeds the critical condition and fracture propagates across the whole structure. The fatigue life of a component is the time it takes for criticality to be reached, for a given regime of cyclical stress. Corrosion fatigue is what happens when a cyclically stressed structure is subjected to a corrosive environment at the same time. This not only serves to initiate surface cracks but (see below) actually modifies the crack growth process. As a result the fatigue life is shortened, often considerably. Stress-corrosion cracking (SCC): Main article: Stress corrosion cracking: This phenomenon is the unexpected sudden failure of normally ductile metals subjected to a constant tensile stress in a corrosive environment. Certain austenitic stainless steels and aluminium alloys crack in the presence of chlorides, mild steel cracks in the present of alkali (boiler cracking) and copper alloys crack in ammoniacal solutions (season cracking). Worse still, high-tensile structural steels crack in an unexpectedly brittle manner in a whole variety of aqueous environments, especially chloride. With the possible exception of the latter, which is a special example of hydrogen cracking, all the others display the phenomenon of subcritical crack growth, i.e. small surface flaws propagate (usually smoothly) under conditions where fracture mechanics predicts that failure should not occur. That is, in the presence of a corrodent, cracks develop and propagate well below KIc. In fact, the subcritical value of the stress intensity, designated as KIscc, may be less than 1% of KIc, The subcritical nature of propagation may be attributed to the chemical energy released as the crack propagates. That is, Elastic energy released + chemical energy = surface energy + deformation energy: The crack initiates at KIscc and thereafter propagates at a rate governed by the slowest process, which most of the time is the rate at which corrosive ions can diffuse to the crack tip. As the crack advances so K rises (because crack length appears in the calculation of stress intensity). Finally it reaches KIc , whereupon fast fracture ensues and the component fails. One of the practical difficulties with SCC is its unexpected nature. Stainless steels, for example, are employed because under most conditions they are passive, i.e. effectively inert. Very often one finds a single crack has propagated while the rest of the metal surface stays apparently unaffected. See also: Fracture. Fracture mechanics. Brittle-ductile transition zone. Charpy impact test. Izod impact strength test. Toughness of ceramics by indention. Stress corrosion cracking. Toughness. References: Hertzberg, Richard W. (1995-12). Deformation and Fracture Mechanics of Engineering Materials (4 ed.). Wiley. ISBN 0471012149. AR Boccaccini, S Atiq, DN Boccaccini, I Dlouhy, C Kaya (2005). Fracture behaviour of mullite fibre reinforced-mullite matrix composites under quasi-static and ballistic impact loading. Composites Science and Technology 65: 325 333. doi:10.1016/j.compscitech.2004.08.002. Other References: Anderson, T.L., Fracture Mechanics: Fundamentals and Applications (CRC Press, Boston 1995). Davidge, R.W., Mechanical Behavior of Ceramics (Cambridge University Press 1979). Lawn, B., Fracture of Brittle Solids (Cambridge University Press 1993, 2nd edition). Knott, Fundamentals of Fracture Mechanics (1973). Foroulis (ed.), Environmentally-Sensitive Fracture of Engineering Materials (1979). Suresh, S., Fatigue of Materials (Cambridge University Press 1998, 2nd edition). West, J.M., Basic Corrosion Oxidation (Horwood 1986, 2nd edn), chap.12. Green, D.J.; Hannink, R.; Swain, M.V. (1989). Transformation Toughening of Ceramics, Boca Raton: CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-6594-5. http://www.sv.vt.edu/classes/MSE2094_NoteBook/97ClassProj/exper/gordon/www/fractough.html. http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2m7u4qm53172069/fulltext.pdf sriram. Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fracture_toughness A fracture is the (local) separation of an object or material into two, or more, pieces under the action of stress. The word fracture is